Wastewater pollution and Treatment studies with Synthesis of Nanomaterials approaches

Introduction

Water is a vital resource for human well-being. However, with the increase in the population and industrial development, its quality has been affected. Therefore, there is a growing concern about a specific class of pollutants known as emerging contaminants.

Increasing global demand for clean water and sustainable energy has necessitated the development of innovative and integrated technologies that address environmental and energy challenges concurrently. Among various approaches, AOPs (Advanced Oxidation Processes) have emerged as powerful techniques for the degradation of persistent organic pollutants in wastewater. These processes rely on the situ generation of highly reactive species, particularly hydroxyl radicals (OH), which can non-selectively oxidise a wide range of contaminants.

In the development of AOPs, however, best practices with responsive approaches have been invented by Hybrid AOPs or HAOPs (Hybrid Advanced Oxidation Processes), which combine AOP techniques such as photocatalysis, Fenton reactions, Ozonation, and electrochemical oxidation. The integration of different AOP mechanisms often leads to higher reaction rates, lower energy consumption, and improved mineralisation of complex wastewater matrices. Simultaneously, there is growing interest in coupling wastewater treatment with hydrogen production, leveraging the oxidation of organics as a means to generate clean fuel. Through processes such as photo electrochemical oxidation or catalytic reforming under oxidative conditions, HAOPs not only detoxify wastewater but also facilitate the production of hydrogen gas, offering a dual benefit of environmental remediation and energy recovery, because wastewater contamination is growing quickly and is bad for the environment. Emerging organic contaminant attachments in water molecules have increased as a result of the industrialisation of medications. Some sectors are using substantial resolution technologies to remove toxins from water due to increasing concerns. As a result, the creation of low-cost, efficient techniques for breaking down and producing energy from waste is beneficial for the quickly growing organic ingredient market.

Magnetic characteristics have sparked widespread interest and are critical due to their diversity and multidimensional nature. Among many magnetic characteristics, various magnetic materials, spinel ferrites have captivated the interest of researchers owing to their exceptional combination of favourable properties, including moderate saturation magnetization, low magnetic losses, single-phase purity, and high adsorption capacity for pollutants, antibacterial properties, exceptional chemical stability, large surface to volume ratio, high coercivity, affordable cost, high electrical resistivity, and remarkable initial per Spinel ferrite has been increasingly recognized for its remarkable potential in a wide range of technology applications, such as data storage, drug-delivery, microwave absorption and reflection, and photocatalysis, among many other applications is a wonder in establishing new approaches. 

Table 1: Indian state-wise data about wastewater, treatments, and effective sites.

State	Year	Wastewater Generated (MLD)	Wastewater Treated (MLD)	PopulationAffected (%)	Common Issues
Andhra Pradesh	2025	8500	4200	22	Water-borne diseases
Arunachal Pradesh	2025	800	300	15	Poor sanitation
Assam	2025	4500	2000	28	Contaminated water sources
Bihar	2025	9000	3000	40	Overflowing sewage
Chhattisgarh	2025	6000	2500	30	Industrial waste issues
Goa	2025	1200	900	10	Sewage near beaches
Gujarat	2025	11000	7000	18	Urban waste concentration
Haryana	2025	7500	5000	20	Stagnant water
Himachal Pradesh	2025	2500	1200	12	Drainage issues in hilly areas
Jharkhand	2025	6500	2500	35	Industrial effluents
Karnataka	2025	13000	8500	19	Lake pollution
Kerala	2025	7000	5000	15	Backwater contamination
Madhya Pradesh	2025	10000	4500	33	Overflowing sewers
Maharashtra	2025	15000	8000	25	Skin diseases, waterborne issues
Manipur	2025	900	400	20	Poor septic system
Meghalaya	2025	1000	500	18	Limited sewage treatment
Mizoram	2025	700	300	12	Basic sewage infrastructure
Nagaland	2025	800	400	14	Urban drainage issues
Odisha	2025	8000	3500	29	River pollution
Punjab	2025	9500	6000	21	Agricultural runoff
Rajasthan	2025	10000	4000	32	Scarcity + untreated water
Sikkim	2025	600	300	10	Small-scale local drainage issues
Tamil Nadu	2025	10000	6000	20	Contaminated supply lines
Telangana	2025	9000	5000	23	Urban waste overflow
Tripura	2025	1000	600	16	Poor infrastructure
Uttar Pradesh	2025	12000	4000	40	Sewer overflows, pollution
Uttarakhand	2025	3000	1500	18	Mountain runoff pollution
West Bengal	2025	11000	5000	30	River Ganga pollution